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        <gco:CharacterString>L’éclairage artificiel, sous l’effet de la diffusion de la lumière dans l’atmosphère sur de longues distances, rend le ciel nocturne plus « brillant », ce qui se traduit par la formation de halos lumineux visibles au-dessus des zones éclairées.
En modélisant cette pollution lumineuse, il est possible de cartographier la « luminance zénithale », c’est-à-dire le niveau de luminosité du ciel tel qu’on peut l’observer depuis le sol en tous points d’un territoire.

A partir de ces valeurs de luminance zénithale, il est possible d’estimer la qualité du ciel nocturne. Les valeurs de luminance zénithale les plus élevées correspondent ainsi aux brillances les plus faibles, c’est-à-dire aux ciels de meilleure qualité (ciels sombres), tandis que les valeurs les moins élevées correspondent aux brillances les plus fortes, c’est-à-dire aux ciels de plus mauvaise qualité (ciels pollués).

La simulation de la luminance zénithale en coeur de nuit est réalisée à partir des données de radiance satellite acquises par l’instrument VIIRS. Compte-tenu des horaires de passage des satellites équipés de cet instrument au-dessus de la France métropolitaine, les données qu’ils collectent sont en effet représentatives d’une situation de coeur de nuit.

Dans le cadre de cette étude, une carte de luminance zénithale en coeur de nuit a été produite pour chaque année entre 2014 et 2024, en utilisant les composites annuels des données de radiance collectées par l’instrument VIIRS au cours de ces années, en conditions de ciel clair (sans nuage).</gco:CharacterString>
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